ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION: The current vaccines used to fight against COVID-19 are effective, however the induction of protective immunity is a pending goal required to prevent viral transmission, prevent the generation of new variants, and ultimately eradicate SARS-CoV-2. Mucosal immunization stands as a promising approach to achieve protective immunity against SARS-CoV-2; therefore, it is imperative to innovate the current vaccines by developing mucosal candidates, focusing not only on their ability to prevent severe COVID-19 but to neutralize the virus before invasion of the respiratory system and other mucosal compartments. AREAS COVERED: This review covers the current advances on the development of anti-COVID-19 mucosal vaccines. Biomedical literature, including PubMed and clinicaltrials.gov website, was analyzed to identify the state of the art for this field. The achievements in preclinical and clinical evaluations are presented and critically analyzed. EXPERT OPINION: There is a significant advance on the development of mucosal vaccines against SARSCoV-2, which is a promise to increase the efficacy of immunization against this pathogen. Both preclinical and clinical evaluation for several candidates have been performed. The challenges in this road (e.g. low immunogenicity, a reduced number of adjuvants available, and inaccurate dosage) are identified and also critical perspectives for the field are provided.
Subject(s)
COVID-19 , Vaccines , Humans , RNA, Viral , COVID-19/prevention & control , SARS-CoV-2 , Vaccination , COVID-19 VaccinesABSTRACT
The emergence of the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus has led to an unprecedented pandemic, which demands urgent development of antiviral drugs and antibodies; as well as prophylactic approaches, namely vaccines. Algae biotechnology has much to offer in this scenario given the diversity of such organisms, which are a valuable source of antiviral and anti-inflammatory compounds that can also be used to produce vaccines and antibodies. Antivirals with possible activity against SARS-CoV-2 are summarized, based on previously reported activity against Coronaviruses or other enveloped or respiratory viruses. Moreover, the potential of algae-derived anti-inflammatory compounds to treat severe cases of COVID-19 is contemplated. The scenario of producing biopharmaceuticals in recombinant algae is presented and the cases of algae-made vaccines targeting viral diseases is highlighted as valuable references for the development of anti-SARS-CoV-2 vaccines. Successful cases in the production of functional antibodies are described. Perspectives on how specific algae species and genetic engineering techniques can be applied for the production of anti-viral compounds antibodies and vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 are provided.
Subject(s)
Antiviral Agents/pharmacology , Biological Products/pharmacology , Chlamydomonas reinhardtii/genetics , Coronavirus Infections/drug therapy , Lectins/pharmacology , Pneumonia, Viral/drug therapy , Polyphenols/pharmacology , Polysaccharides/pharmacology , Antiviral Agents/chemistry , Antiviral Agents/isolation & purification , Betacoronavirus/drug effects , Betacoronavirus/pathogenicity , Biological Products/chemistry , Biological Products/isolation & purification , COVID-19 , COVID-19 Vaccines , Cell Nucleus/chemistry , Cell Nucleus/genetics , Cell Nucleus/metabolism , Chlamydomonas reinhardtii/chemistry , Chlamydomonas reinhardtii/metabolism , Chloroplasts/chemistry , Chloroplasts/genetics , Chloroplasts/metabolism , Coronavirus Infections/prevention & control , Genetic Engineering/methods , Humans , Lectins/chemistry , Lectins/isolation & purification , Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus/drug effects , Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus/pathogenicity , Pandemics , Polyphenols/chemistry , Polyphenols/isolation & purification , Polysaccharides/chemistry , Polysaccharides/isolation & purification , Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus/drug effects , Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus/pathogenicity , SARS-CoV-2 , Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome/drug therapy , Viral Vaccines/biosynthesis , Viral Vaccines/pharmacologyABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION: The current COVID-19 pandemic caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus demands the development of strategies not only to detect or inactivate the virus, but to treat it (therapeutically and prophylactically). COVID-19 is not only a critical threat for the population with risk factors, but also generates a dramatic economic impact in terms of morbidity and the overall interruption of economic activities. AREAS COVERED: Advanced materials are the basis of several technologies that could diminish the impact of COVID-19: biosensors might allow early virus detection, nanosized vaccines are powerful agents that could prevent viral infections, and nanosystems with antiviral activity could bind the virus for inactivation or destruction upon application of an external stimulus. Herein all these methods are discussed under the light of cutting-edge technologies and the previously reported prototypes targeting enveloped viruses similar to SARS-CoV-2. This analysis was derived from an extensive scientific literature search (including pubmed) performed on April 2020. EXPERT OPINION: Perspectives on how biosensors, vaccines, and antiviral nanosystems can be implemented to fight COVID-19 are envisioned; identifying the approaches that can be implemented in the short term and those that deserve long term research to cope with respiratory viruses-related pandemics in the future.